¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á
ÇнÀ¸ñÇ¥
- ¾È¸é½Å°æÀÇ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
- ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â ÁúȯÀ» ¿°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
- ÁßÃß¼º°ú ¸»Ãʼº ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ¸¦ °¨º°ÇÑ´Ù.
- ÃøµÎ°ñ °ñÀýÀÇ Áõ»ó°ú ¡ÈÄ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
- Bell's palsyÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á ¹× ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ °üÇØ¼ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
- Herpes zoster oticus(Ramsay Hunt syndrome)ÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á ¹× ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ °üÇØ¼ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
Anatomy of facial nerve
- Intracranial portion
: arise near pons
- Meatal portion
- Intratemporal portion
- Labyrinthine segment : narrowest part of fallopian canal
common site of temporal bone fracture and Bell's palsy
- Tympanic segment
- Mastoid segment
- Extracranial portion
* ¾È¸é½Å°æÀº posterior fossa, temporal bone, parotid gland µîÀ» Åë°úÇÏ´Â °ü°è·Î Á¾¾ç,
¿Ü»ó, °¨¿°ÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Pathophysiology of the facial nerve
- Mixed motor-sensory nerve
- Efferent fibers : muscles of facial expression, post-auricular, stylohyoid,
posterior digastric, and stapedius muscles
- Parasympathetic fibers : lacrimal glands, mucinous glands of the nose,
submandibular and sublingual glands
- Afferent fibers : special sence of anterior two-thirds of tongue, sensation from
posterior external auditory canal, concha, ear lobe
- ½Å°æ¼Õ»ó°ú Àç»ý
- ½Å°æ¼Õ»óÀÇ ºÐ·ù(Sunderland classification)
- Neuropraxia(1o) : reversible conduction block
- Axonotmesis(2o) : loss of structural continuity of axon with intact endoneurial sheath
- Neurotmesis :
- 3µµ : loss of continuity of axons and endoneurial sheaths
- 4µµ : loss of continuity of axons, sheaths, funiculus
- 5µµ: complete loss of nerve continuity
- Degeneration
: Wallerian degeneration of the distal axon and myelin sheath begin within 24 hours
- ½Å°æÀÇ Àç»ý
: ¼Õ»óµÈ ºÎºÐÀÇ »óŰ¡ ½Å°æÀç»ýÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÊ
- Simple misdirection : axonÀÌ Àç»ýµÉ ¶§ ÀÌÀü¿¡ Áö¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ±ÙÀ°À» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â
tubule·Î ÀÚ¶ó°¨---synkinesis
- Complex misdirection : mass movement
- Other faulty regeneration : tics, spasms, contractures, weakness,
gustatory lacrimation(crockdile tears)
¸»Ãʼº ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ °¨º°Áø´Ü
- µÎ°³¿Ü ¿øÀÎ
- ¿Ü»ó¼º ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Facial lacerations
- Blunt forces
- Penetrating wounds
- Mandible fractures
- Iatrogenic injuries
- ½Å»ý¾ÆÀÇ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Parotid tumors
- ¿ÜÀ̵µ ¹× ÁßÀ̰ÀÇ Á¾¾ç
- ¾È¸é½Å°æÃÊÁ¾(facial nerve neurinomas)
- ¾Ç¼ºÁ¾¾çÀÇ ÀüÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- ÃøµÎ°ñ³»ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ
- ¿Ü»ó¼º ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- ÃøµÎ°ñ °ñÀý
- Penetrating injuries
- ¼ö¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Glomus tumors
- Cholesteatoma
- Facial neurinoma
- Hemangioma
- Meningiomas
- Acoustic neurinomas.
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Arachnoidal cysts
- Metastatic
- °¨¿°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Herpes zoster oticus(Ramsay Hunt syndrome)
- Acute otitis media
- Chronic otitis media
- Malignant external otitis(necrotizing external otitis)
- µÎ°³³» ¿øÀÎ
- Iatrogenic injury(operation)
- Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- ¼±Ãµ¼º ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Mobius syndrome
- Absence of motor units
¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Æò°¡
- History
- Onset(sudden vs. delayed)
- Duration
- Rate of progression
- Complete vs. incomplete palsy
- Recurrent
- Familiar history
- Associated symptoms
- Major medical illness : DM, cancer, sarcoidosis, autoimmune disorders
- History of trauma
- Previous surgery
- Physical examination
- Complete head and neck examination
- Complete neurologic evaluation including cranial examination
- Evaluation of facial nerve palsy
- ¿ÏÀü¸¶ºñ : ¿¹Èİ¡ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ºü¸¥ Æò°¡¿Í Ä¡·á°¡ ÇÊ¿ä
- ºÒ¿ÏÀü¸¶ºñ : ¿¹Èİ¡ ¾çÈ£
- ÁßÃß¼º¸¶ºñ : lower face weakness(upper face is bilaterally innervated)
- ¸»Ãʼº¸¶ºñ : weakness of both upper and lower face
- ¾çÃø¼º¸¶ºñ : ÁßÃß¼ºÁúȯÀ» ÀǹÌÇϰųª, Guillain-Barre syndrome, viral infection, sarcoidosis
- FischÀÇ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ Æò°¡¹ä¹ý : ¾È¸é±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ Áß wrinkling 10Á¡,
eye closing 30Á¡, smiling 30Á¡, whistling 10Á¡, resting 20Á¡
À¸·Î ÇÏ°í ¸¶ºñµÈ ÃøÀ» Á¤»óÃø¿¡ ºñÇØ 100%, 70%, 30%, 0%µîÀ¸·Î
³ª´©¾î¼ Æò°¡ÇÒ ¶§ ¼·Î °öÇÑ Á¡¼ö¸¦ ´õÇØ¼ 100Á¡ ¸¸Á¡¿¡ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â
±â´ÉÀÌ ¾ó¸¶Àΰ¡¸¦ Æò°¡
- House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system
- Àü±â½Å°æÇÐÀû°Ë»ç
- ½Å°æÀڱذ˻ç(Nerve excitability test)
: Àü±âÀÚ±ØÀ» ÁÖ°í È¯Ãø°ú °ÇÃøÀÇ facial twith¸¦ º¸¸é¼ À̶§ÀÇ threshold¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÔ
3.5 mA ÀÌ»ó Â÷À̽à ¿¹ÈÄ ºÒ·®(Áï½Ã ¼ö¼úÇÊ¿ä)
- Electroneuronography(Evoked electromyography, ENoG)
- ÇØ¼® : degenerated motor fibersÀÇ percentage¸¦ ºñ±³
- ÀåÁ¡ : degenerationµÈ Á¤µµ¸¦ ¾çÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡
- ´ÜÁ¡ : ¸¶ºñÈÄ 24-48 ½Ã°£ÈÄ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³²
- ÀÓ»óÀû¿ë : ¿Ü»ó¼º ¸¶ºñ¿¡¼ 6ÀÏ À̳» 90%ÀÌ»ó º¯¼ºÀ» º¸À̸é surgical repair°¡
ÇÊ¿äÇϰí, Bell's palsy ȯÀÚ¿¡¼´Â 14ÀÏ À̳» 90-95%ÀÇ º¯¼ºÀ» º¸ÀÓ
- Electromyography(EMG)
: ½Å°æÀç»ýÀÇ °æ¿ì polyphasic potentialÀÌ 4-6ÁÖ°æ ºÎÅÍ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇÔ
---½Å°æÀç»ý¿©ºÎ¸¦ ¹Ì¸® ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- Topognostic test
: prognosis¿Í site of lesionÀ» Á¤Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëÇϳª ÇöÀç´Â ±× »ç¿ëÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ÁÙ¾î µë
- Radiographic studies
- HRCT(high resolution CT, Temporal bone CT)
: best for bone assessment, À¯¾çµ¿¿°, ÁøÁÖÁ¾¼ºÁßÀÌ¿°, ÃøµÎ°ñ°ñÀý µîÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡
µµ¿òÀÌ µÊ
- MRI(with gadolinium enhancement)
: soft-tissueÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡ ¿ì¼ö, facial nerveÀÇ intrinsic lesionÀÎ Bell's palsy,
Herpes zoster oticus, facial schwannomas µîÀÇ Áø´Ü¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÊ
Idiopathic facial palsy(Bell's palsy)
- Definition
: a self-limiting process which is not life-threating. 4-6°³¿ù³» ´ë°³ ȸº¹µÇ³ª
12°³¿ù ÀÌ»ó Áö¼ÓµÇ¸é ±× ¿Ü ¿øÀÎÀ» ÀǽÉÇØ¾ßµÊ
- ¿øÀÎ : Á¤È®ÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª Herpes simplex virus°¡ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ÃßÁ¤
- Áõ»ó : facial nerve palsy, viral prodrome, facial pain, dysgeusia, hyperacusis,
decreased tears
- Áø´Ü(diagnosis of exclusion)---´ÙÀ½ »çÇ×ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¾ß ÇÔ
- Signs of tumor
- Bilateral simultaneous palsy
- Vesicles
- Involvement of multiple motor cranial nerves
- History and findings of trauma
- Ear infection
- Signs of central nervous system lesion
- Facial palsy noted at birth
- Triad of infectious mononucleosis(fever, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy)
- Ä¡·á
- Eye care : exposure keratitis·Î ½Ç¸í±îÁö °¡´ÉÇϹǷΠ´«¿¡´ëÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ Ä¡·á°¡
°¡Àå Áß¿ä
---³·¿¡´Â eyedrops, ¹ã¿¡´Â ¾È¿¬°í ¹× ¾È´ëÂø¿ë
- Steroids
: denervation°ú autonomic synkinesis µîÀ» ¸·´Â´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ°í
¸¶ºñÀÇ ÁøÇàÀ» ¸·°í ¸¶ºñ±â°£À» ÁÙÀδٰí ÇÔ
¿ë·® : 1 mg/kg/day for 10-14 days
- ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·á
: 6°³¿ù(ȤÀº ÀϳâÀÌ»ó) ÀÌ»ó ¸¶ºñ°¡ Áö¼ÓµÇ°Å³ª 3ÁÖ³» degenerationÀÌ 90%ÀÌ»ó
µÇ´Â °æ¿ì
- ¿¹ÈÄ : 86%¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀüȸº¹
- ºÒ¿ÏÀüȸº¹ÀÇ À§ÇèÀÎÀÚ
- Age over 55 years
- Hypertension
- Complete facial weakness
- Pain other than ear pain
- Changes in tearing
Ramsay Hunt syndrome
- Á¤ÀÇ : herpes zoster virus°¡ geniculate ganglion ¿¡ ¿°ÁõÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â
¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ, ÀÌÅë, ¿ÜÀ̵µ¿Í À̰³ÁÖÀ§¿¡ »ý±â´Â vesicular eruptionÀ» ¸»ÇÔ
- Symptoms and signs
- Vescles : ¿ÜÀÌ¿Í °í¸·, palate µî¿¡µµ ħ¹ü
- Viral prodrome : fatigue, mild fever
- ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ : Ãʱ⿡´Â ºÒ¿ÏÀü ¸¶ºñÀ̳ª 3ÁÖ Á¤µµ Áö³ª¸é ¿ÏÀü¸¶ºñ·Î °¡´Â °æ¿ì ¸¹À½
- ÀÌÅë : 14-21Àϰ濡 ½ÉÇÔ
- ÇöÈÆ(vertigo) : ¿¹Èĺҷ®
- ±âŸ : °¨°¢½Å°æ¼º³Ã», À̸í, ´Ù¸¥ ³ú½Å°æ¸¶ºñ(V, VII, IX, X)
- Áø´Ü
- Tzanck smear : È®Áø°¡´É
- Immunoperoxidase assay of varicella zoster virus-specific IgG and IgA
- Ä¡·á
- Acyclovir(zovirax) : ÅëÁõÀÇ ±â°£À» °¨¼Ò½Ã۰í ȸº¹À» ÃËÁø
10mg/kg IV every 8 hours
- Corticosteroid : immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory action
- Silvadin ointment
- Analgesics
- ¿¹ÈÄ : Bell's palsy º¸´Ù ºÒ·®ÇÏ¿© ¾à 60%¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀüȸº¹À» º¸Àδٰí Çϳª ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
acyclovir¸¦ »ç¿ëÈÄ ºÎÅÍ È¸º¹À²ÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ¸¹À½
Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- ºóµµ : ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñȯÀÚÀÇ ¾à 5%°¡ Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸¶ºñ
- Áø´Ü
- History of cancer
- Facial twitching
- Multiple cranial nerve deficits
- ÃæºÐÇÑ Ä¡·áÈÄ¿¡µµ ȸº¹ÀÌ ¾ÈµÉ ¶§
- ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â ¸¶ºñÀÏ ¶§
- ¸¶ºñ°¡ 3ÁÖÀÌ»ó ¼¼È÷ ±×¸®°í Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÉ °æ¿ì
- Neck or parotid mass
- Ä¡·á
: Ä¡·á´Â Á¾¾çÀÇ À§Ä¡, Å©±â, Á¶Á÷ÇÐÀû Ư¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤
ÃøµÎ°ñ °ñÀý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Signs and symptoms
: ¿ÜÀ̵µÀÇ ÃâÇ÷, hemotympanum, step-deformity of osseous canal,
ÀüÀ½¼º³Ã», °¨°¢½Å°æ¼º³Ã», ³úô¼ö¾× ÀÌ·ç, ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- Ä¡·á
- Immediate and delayed complete palsy within 3 weeks : surgical exploration
- Delayed incomplete palsy : conservative treatment
- ¼ö¼ú½Ã±âÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº Àü±â½Å°æÇÐÀû°Ë»ç¿¡¼ 90%ÀÌ»ó degeneration¿¡ ºüÁö´Â
½Ã±â¸¦ ÅÃÇÑ´Ù.
½Å»ý¾Æ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
- ºóµµ : 0.23%. ¿¹ÈÄ´Â ¾çÈ£(ƯÈ÷ Ãâ»ê½Ã¿¡ °Þ´Â ¿Ü»ó¼º ¸¶ºñ)
- ¿øÀÎ
- Trauma(75-80%) : ¾È¸é½Å°æ ÁÖÇà¹æÇâ¿¡ facial contusion, ecchymosis µîÀÌ
ÀÖÀ¸¸é ÀǽÉ, ±× ±âÀüÀº birth canalÀ» Åë°ú½Ã ¸Ó¸®ÀÇ
compressional moldingÀ̳ª forcep »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤
- Congenital(15-20%) : ¿Ü»óµ¿¹Ý¾øÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀǽÉ
- Congenital unilateral lower lip palsy
- Mobius syndrome : uni- or bilateral FN palsy, other CN anomalies,
skeletal deformities
- Goldenhar's syndrome(oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia)
- Dystrophia myotonia
- Thalidomide embryopathy
- Áø´Ü : ¿Ü»ó¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì 10-14ÀÏ ¾È¿¡ fibrillation potentialÀÌ ³ª¿ÀÁö¸¸, ¼±Ãµ¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì
º¸ÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ½
- Ä¡·á : ¿Ü»ó¼ºÀº ¿¹Èİ¡ ÁÁÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±â´Ù·Áµµ µÇ°í, ¼±Ãµ¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì ÈÄ¿¡ facial
reanimationÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù
ÃÖÁ¾ ¼öÁ¤ÀÏ : 1997. 5. 29. ....... ÃÖÃÊ °ÔÀçÀÏ : 1997. 5. 20.