¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á



  • ÇнÀ¸ñÇ¥
    1. ¾È¸é½Å°æÀÇ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
    2. ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â ÁúȯÀ» ¿­°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
    3. ÁßÃß¼º°ú ¸»Ãʼº ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ¸¦ °¨º°ÇÑ´Ù.
    4. ÃøµÎ°ñ °ñÀýÀÇ Áõ»ó°ú ¡ÈÄ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
    5. Bell's palsyÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á ¹× ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ °üÇØ¼­ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.
    6. Herpes zoster oticus(Ramsay Hunt syndrome)ÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á ¹× ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ °üÇØ¼­ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù.

  • Anatomy of facial nerve
    1. Intracranial portion
      : arise near pons
    2. Meatal portion
    3. Intratemporal portion
      1. Labyrinthine segment : narrowest part of fallopian canal
        common site of temporal bone fracture and Bell's palsy
      2. Tympanic segment
      3. Mastoid segment

    4. Extracranial portion

    * ¾È¸é½Å°æÀº posterior fossa, temporal bone, parotid gland µîÀ» Åë°úÇÏ´Â °ü°è·Î Á¾¾ç, 
           ¿Ü»ó, °¨¿°ÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
  • Pathophysiology of the facial nerve
    1. Mixed motor-sensory nerve
      1. Efferent fibers : muscles of facial expression, post-auricular, stylohyoid,
        posterior digastric, and stapedius muscles
      2. Parasympathetic fibers : lacrimal glands, mucinous glands of the nose,
        submandibular and sublingual glands
      3. Afferent fibers : special sence of anterior two-thirds of tongue, sensation from
        posterior external auditory canal, concha, ear lobe

    2. ½Å°æ¼Õ»ó°ú Àç»ý
    3. ½Å°æ¼Õ»óÀÇ ºÐ·ù(Sunderland classification)
      1. Neuropraxia(1o) : reversible conduction block
      2. Axonotmesis(2o) : loss of structural continuity of axon with intact endoneurial sheath
      3. Neurotmesis :
        • 3µµ : loss of continuity of axons and endoneurial sheaths
        • 4µµ : loss of continuity of axons, sheaths, funiculus
        • 5µµ: complete loss of nerve continuity
    4. Degeneration
      : Wallerian degeneration of the distal axon and myelin sheath begin within 24 hours
    5. ½Å°æÀÇ Àç»ý
      : ¼Õ»óµÈ ºÎºÐÀÇ »óŰ¡ ½Å°æÀç»ýÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÊ
      1. Simple misdirection : axonÀÌ Àç»ýµÉ ¶§ ÀÌÀü¿¡ Áö¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ±ÙÀ°À» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â
        tubule·Î ÀÚ¶ó°¨---synkinesis
      2. Complex misdirection : mass movement
      3. Other faulty regeneration : tics, spasms, contractures, weakness,
        gustatory lacrimation(crockdile tears)

  • ¸»Ãʼº ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ °¨º°Áø´Ü
    1. µÎ°³¿Ü ¿øÀÎ
      1. ¿Ü»ó¼º ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
        • Facial lacerations
        • Blunt forces
        • Penetrating wounds
        • Mandible fractures
        • Iatrogenic injuries
        • ½Å»ý¾ÆÀÇ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
      2. Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
        • Parotid tumors
        • ¿ÜÀ̵µ ¹× ÁßÀ̰­ÀÇ Á¾¾ç
        • ¾È¸é½Å°æÃÊÁ¾(facial nerve neurinomas)
        • ¾Ç¼ºÁ¾¾çÀÇ ÀüÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
    2. ÃøµÎ°ñ³»ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ
      1. ¿Ü»ó¼º ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
        • ÃøµÎ°ñ °ñÀý
        • Penetrating injuries
        • ¼ö¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
      2. Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
        • Glomus tumors
        • Cholesteatoma
        • Facial neurinoma
        • Hemangioma
        • Meningiomas
        • Acoustic neurinomas.
        • Squamous cell carcinoma
        • Rhabdomyosarcoma
        • Arachnoidal cysts
        • Metastatic
      3. °¨¿°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
        • Herpes zoster oticus(Ramsay Hunt syndrome)
        • Acute otitis media
        • Chronic otitis media
        • Malignant external otitis(necrotizing external otitis)
    3. µÎ°³³» ¿øÀÎ
      1. Iatrogenic injury(operation)
      2. Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
      3. ¼±Ãµ¼º ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
        • Mobius syndrome
        • Absence of motor units

  • ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ Áø´Ü°ú Æò°¡
    1. History
      1. Onset(sudden vs. delayed)
      2. Duration
      3. Rate of progression
      4. Complete vs. incomplete palsy
      5. Recurrent
      6. Familiar history
      7. Associated symptoms
      8. Major medical illness : DM, cancer, sarcoidosis, autoimmune disorders
      9. History of trauma
      10. Previous surgery
    2. Physical examination
      1. Complete head and neck examination
      2. Complete neurologic evaluation including cranial examination
      3. Evaluation of facial nerve palsy
        • ¿ÏÀü¸¶ºñ : ¿¹Èİ¡ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ºü¸¥ Æò°¡¿Í Ä¡·á°¡ ÇÊ¿ä
        • ºÒ¿ÏÀü¸¶ºñ : ¿¹Èİ¡ ¾çÈ£
        • ÁßÃß¼º¸¶ºñ : lower face weakness(upper face is bilaterally innervated)
        • ¸»Ãʼº¸¶ºñ : weakness of both upper and lower face
        • ¾çÃø¼º¸¶ºñ : ÁßÃß¼ºÁúȯÀ» ÀǹÌÇϰųª, Guillain-Barre syndrome, viral infection, sarcoidosis
      4. FischÀÇ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñÀÇ Æò°¡¹ä¹ý : ¾È¸é±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ Áß wrinkling 10Á¡,
        eye closing 30Á¡, smiling 30Á¡, whistling 10Á¡, resting 20Á¡
        À¸·Î ÇÏ°í ¸¶ºñµÈ ÃøÀ» Á¤»óÃø¿¡ ºñÇØ 100%, 70%, 30%, 0%µîÀ¸·Î
        ³ª´©¾î¼­ Æò°¡ÇÒ ¶§ ¼­·Î °öÇÑ Á¡¼ö¸¦ ´õÇØ¼­ 100Á¡ ¸¸Á¡¿¡ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â
        ±â´ÉÀÌ ¾ó¸¶Àΰ¡¸¦ Æò°¡
      5. House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system
    3. Àü±â½Å°æÇÐÀû°Ë»ç
      1. ½Å°æÀڱذ˻ç(Nerve excitability test)
        : Àü±âÀÚ±ØÀ» ÁÖ°í È¯Ãø°ú °ÇÃøÀÇ facial twith¸¦ º¸¸é¼­ À̶§ÀÇ threshold¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÔ
        3.5 mA ÀÌ»ó Â÷À̽à ¿¹ÈÄ ºÒ·®(Áï½Ã ¼ö¼úÇÊ¿ä)
      2. Electroneuronography(Evoked electromyography, ENoG)
        • ÇØ¼® : degenerated motor fibersÀÇ percentage¸¦ ºñ±³
        • ÀåÁ¡ : degenerationµÈ Á¤µµ¸¦ ¾çÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡
        • ´ÜÁ¡ : ¸¶ºñÈÄ 24-48 ½Ã°£ÈÄ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³²
        • ÀÓ»óÀû¿ë : ¿Ü»ó¼º ¸¶ºñ¿¡¼­ 6ÀÏ À̳» 90%ÀÌ»ó º¯¼ºÀ» º¸À̸é surgical repair°¡
          ÇÊ¿äÇϰí, Bell's palsy ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â 14ÀÏ À̳» 90-95%ÀÇ º¯¼ºÀ» º¸ÀÓ
      3. Electromyography(EMG)
        : ½Å°æÀç»ýÀÇ °æ¿ì polyphasic potentialÀÌ 4-6ÁÖ°æ ºÎÅÍ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇÔ
        ---½Å°æÀç»ý¿©ºÎ¸¦ ¹Ì¸® ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
    4. Topognostic test
      : prognosis¿Í site of lesionÀ» Á¤Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëÇϳª ÇöÀç´Â ±× »ç¿ëÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ÁÙ¾î µë
    5. Radiographic studies
      1. HRCT(high resolution CT, Temporal bone CT)
        : best for bone assessment, À¯¾çµ¿¿°, ÁøÁÖÁ¾¼ºÁßÀÌ¿°, ÃøµÎ°ñ°ñÀý µîÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡
        µµ¿òÀÌ µÊ
      2. MRI(with gadolinium enhancement)
        : soft-tissueÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡ ¿ì¼ö, facial nerveÀÇ intrinsic lesionÀÎ Bell's palsy,
        Herpes zoster oticus, facial schwannomas µîÀÇ Áø´Ü¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÊ

  • Idiopathic facial palsy(Bell's palsy)
    1. Definition
      : a self-limiting process which is not life-threating. 4-6°³¿ù³» ´ë°³ ȸº¹µÇ³ª
      12°³¿ù ÀÌ»ó Áö¼ÓµÇ¸é ±× ¿Ü ¿øÀÎÀ» ÀǽÉÇØ¾ßµÊ
    2. ¿øÀÎ : Á¤È®ÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª Herpes simplex virus°¡ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ÃßÁ¤
    3. Áõ»ó : facial nerve palsy, viral prodrome, facial pain, dysgeusia, hyperacusis,
      decreased tears
    4. Áø´Ü(diagnosis of exclusion)---´ÙÀ½ »çÇ×ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¾ß ÇÔ
      1. Signs of tumor
      2. Bilateral simultaneous palsy
      3. Vesicles
      4. Involvement of multiple motor cranial nerves
      5. History and findings of trauma
      6. Ear infection
      7. Signs of central nervous system lesion
      8. Facial palsy noted at birth
      9. Triad of infectious mononucleosis(fever, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy)
    5. Ä¡·á
      1. Eye care : exposure keratitis·Î ½Ç¸í±îÁö °¡´ÉÇϹǷΠ´«¿¡´ëÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ Ä¡·á°¡
        °¡Àå Áß¿ä
        ---³·¿¡´Â eyedrops, ¹ã¿¡´Â ¾È¿¬°í ¹× ¾È´ëÂø¿ë
      2. Steroids
        : denervation°ú autonomic synkinesis µîÀ» ¸·´Â´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ°í
        ¸¶ºñÀÇ ÁøÇàÀ» ¸·°í ¸¶ºñ±â°£À» ÁÙÀδٰí ÇÔ
        ¿ë·® : 1 mg/kg/day for 10-14 days
      3. ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·á
        : 6°³¿ù(ȤÀº ÀϳâÀÌ»ó) ÀÌ»ó ¸¶ºñ°¡ Áö¼ÓµÇ°Å³ª 3ÁÖ³» degenerationÀÌ 90%ÀÌ»ó
        µÇ´Â °æ¿ì
    6. ¿¹ÈÄ : 86%¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüȸº¹
    7. ºÒ¿ÏÀüȸº¹ÀÇ À§ÇèÀÎÀÚ
      1. Age over 55 years
      2. Hypertension
      3. Complete facial weakness
      4. Pain other than ear pain
      5. Changes in tearing

  • Ramsay Hunt syndrome
    1. Á¤ÀÇ : herpes zoster virus°¡ geniculate ganglion ¿¡ ¿°ÁõÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â
      ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ, ÀÌÅë, ¿ÜÀ̵µ¿Í À̰³ÁÖÀ§¿¡ »ý±â´Â vesicular eruptionÀ» ¸»ÇÔ
    2. Symptoms and signs
      1. Vescles : ¿ÜÀÌ¿Í °í¸·, palate µî¿¡µµ ħ¹ü
      2. Viral prodrome : fatigue, mild fever
      3. ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ : Ãʱ⿡´Â ºÒ¿ÏÀü ¸¶ºñÀ̳ª 3ÁÖ Á¤µµ Áö³ª¸é ¿ÏÀü¸¶ºñ·Î °¡´Â °æ¿ì ¸¹À½
      4. ÀÌÅë : 14-21Àϰ濡 ½ÉÇÔ
      5. ÇöÈÆ(vertigo) : ¿¹Èĺҷ®
      6. ±âŸ : °¨°¢½Å°æ¼º³­Ã», À̸í, ´Ù¸¥ ³ú½Å°æ¸¶ºñ(V, VII, IX, X)
    3. Áø´Ü
      1. Tzanck smear : È®Áø°¡´É
      2. Immunoperoxidase assay of varicella zoster virus-specific IgG and IgA
    4. Ä¡·á
      1. Acyclovir(zovirax) : ÅëÁõÀÇ ±â°£À» °¨¼Ò½Ã۰í ȸº¹À» ÃËÁø
        10mg/kg IV every 8 hours
      2. Corticosteroid : immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory action
      3. Silvadin ointment
      4. Analgesics
    5. ¿¹ÈÄ : Bell's palsy º¸´Ù ºÒ·®ÇÏ¿© ¾à 60%¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüȸº¹À» º¸Àδٰí Çϳª ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
      acyclovir¸¦ »ç¿ëÈÄ ºÎÅÍ È¸º¹À²ÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ¸¹À½

  • Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
    1. ºóµµ : ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñȯÀÚÀÇ ¾à 5%°¡ Á¾¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸¶ºñ
    2. Áø´Ü
      1. History of cancer
      2. Facial twitching
      3. Multiple cranial nerve deficits
      4. ÃæºÐÇÑ Ä¡·áÈÄ¿¡µµ ȸº¹ÀÌ ¾ÈµÉ ¶§
      5. ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â ¸¶ºñÀÏ ¶§
      6. ¸¶ºñ°¡ 3ÁÖÀÌ»ó ¼­¼­È÷ ±×¸®°í Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÉ °æ¿ì
      7. Neck or parotid mass
    3. Ä¡·á
      : Ä¡·á´Â Á¾¾çÀÇ À§Ä¡, Å©±â, Á¶Á÷ÇÐÀû Ư¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤

  • ÃøµÎ°ñ °ñÀý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
    1. Signs and symptoms
      : ¿ÜÀ̵µÀÇ ÃâÇ÷, hemotympanum, step-deformity of osseous canal,
      ÀüÀ½¼º³­Ã», °¨°¢½Å°æ¼º³­Ã», ³úô¼ö¾× ÀÌ·ç, ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
    2. Ä¡·á
      1. Immediate and delayed complete palsy within 3 weeks : surgical exploration
      2. Delayed incomplete palsy : conservative treatment
      3. ¼ö¼ú½Ã±âÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº Àü±â½Å°æÇÐÀû°Ë»ç¿¡¼­ 90%ÀÌ»ó degeneration¿¡ ºüÁö´Â
        ½Ã±â¸¦ ÅÃÇÑ´Ù.

  • ½Å»ý¾Æ¿¡ À־ ¾È¸é½Å°æ¸¶ºñ
    1. ºóµµ : 0.23%. ¿¹ÈÄ´Â ¾çÈ£(ƯÈ÷ Ãâ»ê½Ã¿¡ °Þ´Â ¿Ü»ó¼º ¸¶ºñ)
    2. ¿øÀÎ
      1. Trauma(75-80%) : ¾È¸é½Å°æ ÁÖÇà¹æÇâ¿¡ facial contusion, ecchymosis µîÀÌ
        ÀÖÀ¸¸é ÀǽÉ, ±× ±âÀüÀº birth canalÀ» Åë°ú½Ã ¸Ó¸®ÀÇ
        compressional moldingÀ̳ª forcep »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤
      2. Congenital(15-20%) : ¿Ü»óµ¿¹Ý¾øÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀǽÉ
        • Congenital unilateral lower lip palsy
        • Mobius syndrome : uni- or bilateral FN palsy, other CN anomalies,
          skeletal deformities
        • Goldenhar's syndrome(oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia)
        • Dystrophia myotonia
        • Thalidomide embryopathy
    3. Áø´Ü : ¿Ü»ó¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì 10-14ÀÏ ¾È¿¡ fibrillation potentialÀÌ ³ª¿ÀÁö¸¸, ¼±Ãµ¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì
      º¸ÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ½
    4. Ä¡·á : ¿Ü»ó¼ºÀº ¿¹Èİ¡ ÁÁÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±â´Ù·Áµµ µÇ°í, ¼±Ãµ¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì ÈÄ¿¡ facial
      reanimationÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù


    °æ»ó´ëÇб³ Àǰú´ëÇÐ À̺ñÀÎÈİú °­ÀǷϸñÂ÷



    ÃÖÁ¾ ¼öÁ¤ÀÏ : 1997. 5. 29. ....... ÃÖÃÊ °ÔÀçÀÏ : 1997. 5. 20.