HWP Document File V1.20  :\THESIS\OUTPUT2A.HWPwAbi坥D D             eЂaAwAbAe [wAbЁ] A4e A9w D    A: i帡wwA D D              a: (wwba wAb a) D D   a D D      1. Aa ᬁ i帡w D 1-1 1945e i帡w we D 1-2 Aa ᬁ i帡w D  D         2. i帡w wA a b˷ D 2-1 w A D 2-2 a D2-3 A󴁊Aᬁ e ᶡ D2-4 Aᶡ D 2-5 a⸡󴁷 Á D D      3. wӷ󴂊 e D3-1 A A  ѡ D (1) A D (2)  D3-2 wӷ󴂊 eс A #D"3-3 wӷ󴂊 : a wAbЁ ew a D3-4 A wӷ󴂊 wA D3-5 aA A e a b D D   4. i帡wwA 币 D4-1 eѥ D4-2 D (1) ww D  (2) awA A D!4-3 e i帡wwA D" 4-4 wa w D#  (1) e wa "D$! (2) e I e wwA awA D% D&      1. Aa ᬁ i帡w D' D(1-1 1945e i帡w we D) D*&,(&&& ᬁaAҁ e e AaAҁ bai  a a. a E A 1500e 1850e aA 1000ew bӥi aaϡaA sA A va. A aie aaAa aAaA ii a ia. a aAA A e ge w a w iAa. 嬥aA A i bae E bava. ;D+$&&'&)&(%')+(%  a ee 嬥 a A Áe a ewA aAAa. bae 帷⸥ b a eA aAAqi aa. A A¡ ebw w ebwe e󴡷 eA, e w A e A eAi we A eAa e , aaa 帷 i  Ae i ea. aaϡa e a iwi aaϡai wsi a, ai aaϡai vi a a a. a aAaAe aAͥ ai bii Aae AA Aa aAa. ii eAa eA i e ge i сe 16A wa a xe a ia a. 1914ewAe 9w w(e a w A 2/3A iea) e e⸥ ɡ aA qaС a. aie wsa qa Aaa, aa eE i aС wAAa. OD,%('(&)*' aa 2a AAa AaС ᴡa, qbӡe {a ie i i A I ae bʼn ́a. i xA be aae a xA bС A | i be aai ie aw eс⸥ i i , ai Ɂ eA xe ebA e eba i ae b (ea ҥ b) ea ha iava. A 1980e wӷ󴂊 se wAwe qA iA ae aa ai Ai aa s A eaA I ae wi }A a. D-%'(()aa iȢ A we aa i帡w A ¢aae ḁae ii A a. wӷ󴂊 {e eБ aai ḁiA a a aa, ae e B aai - bˡ aaa q aaϡa - e ᖡ ia ava. 1989ei Aee A a. Aa aaϡaā we ii 30e帡a aa a. UD.&'(%)&'+*'&''& 1945e AA Ae 2a Aiw AA wA eaae 币 帢A e a. ,Aaq,iA wAᬁ wʗ AA AA e i a. aa aᬁ iȢe 嬥A e i帡w a qA we a. A 1945e a w΁ E aqe 嬥 weA vaa, i帡we a aa ava. A aA E ae ai AA Aae aA a. aa 1914-45e 30e 帗 e asawA(autarky) w A, 嬥wAe e aA e i ww eA a. sAaa a iAaa, aa a aIa awA bС, 󴂊 󴗬e a aA waa. {e 嬥 aA e qA Aae ae Aa e Сe, w⸥ ae a e i帡wi Ab aA AAe , i帡w ᬁ a⸡A a bAe e aa. D/%))&&'''.)&'&&'(aСe i帡w Aa w⸥ A A aa e aa. yy i帡we e wi ii a. bˡ 1970e 1980eA aa a aAaA wӷ󴂊 we A󴁊 wwe ei uae a. 币 Aa i币 b˷ aae i帡wa e bA 币E ai bс a. aaa ii i帡wae we a wA A ⸡ ge ge aaii qaA Aa. aa be⸥ i ie wӷ󴂊 aa ae e ሁ uaСe, 1989e aa 1w be 4,400 iᜡ 120 iᜥ a 37va. aae e 4eA wA aw b⸥ a 󴂊 aa we ee, ae e qwA i a. ii aai i帡wae e 񤁺 be eeae, Aa Aʼne wAae aA I a. aa |a i帡wae we bie i xe wA 񤁺a aa, ᬁ AA e с ba wi xe aa,aaϡa,a aAa b aaii aae 񤁺 awI a. D0 D11-2 Aa ᬁ i帡w D2 D3$('&&(%''''%&&('*&wAbaie i帡w a AI iA e i ga. i帡w Ae-a aAaA a 嬥⸥ aai a aaEѡa e aaA aw E aa aaa e,ѷ,a-w ѩ a⸥ aai ea. aie A aa ѡ Aa. e q eA wwe aas ea. aСe aa,aaϡaā iAe aa bA ሁaa A aea. eӡ ai b,ee,e e a wa A gaa, a A wѢ e wѢ ge i x a. aA aС wa qaa aС ge i帡w be aa a. a ҥ⸥ i帡wAᬡ Ae aa w ewa. a 󴡷 aС aa, a ae ɡ ea gᴥ aϩAaȡaaˡ A a. aСe e aaiA a eʼne 嬥Aᬡae ҥ eA a. ae a e b wAi ŵaA ebaСe gva. yy i帡wAe a a e a e s(articulation) e a(LC)aaa b b˷⸡a. D4$'&)&&')'''5aСe aae e be wbA eE eee aa. ae a A e 币E e, aс AAAa. e A e 嬥A ie ai i帡wA e aie Aa AA 币 a I a. b 嬥Aᬁ i i帡w ḁie a AA AA i帡ae e ae ia. ii i帡we a aAҁ a a A, e a i币 i 舡 e, e ᴡ i Aᬁ A3 Ae aa. eс i帡we ai 嬥a Ae aea, a aAҁ AA i iaa ֵ ᜡa,A,e,,Aaq,a w aea, Ewaeᬡ isE i (uneven and combined development) ᴡ e Aa AA Ae a. D5 D6        2. i帡w wA a b˷ D7 D82-1 w A D9 9D:'4*1.-!AeЁ aaA aae 1989e a⸥ 嬥a i e OECD A e 77,300ewa, 1w GNPe 1965-89e e 2.5% wI w ֵa. ee i帡w e 405,280ewa, 1w GNP ewIe 2.5%va. 1989e OECD A e(GDP)e 142,922 i,1w GNPe 19,090 iv ee, i帡w A ee 3784 i,1w GNPe a 800 iva. e e 嬥 i帡w e be⸥ wwi a a.  D;'*+))- <a1>A u 1960-80eAe i帡w e ewEwIe 嬥a va. aa 1979-80e с ii qA i帡w wAwe be abi hva. aaa 1980-88e e ewE wIe i帡w 2.1% 嬥 2.9%a xava. 1w GDP wIA i帡w 嬥a v ee 1970-75e aa, 1980eA i帡w 1w GDPe 鸁a qa. D< T=<a1> e ewEwI: 1960-88e GT>F e:% LT?K ?T@> e 1w e LTAK LTBK 1960- 1960- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1960- 1960- 1970- 1975- 1980 LTCK 1988 1970 1975 1980 1988 1988 1970 1975 1980 1988 MTDL ITEH嬥 3.5 5.1 3.2 3.4 2.9 2.6 4.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 GTFFi帡w 4.9 5.8 5.9 5.0 2.1 2.4 3.2 3.3 2.5 -0.1 LTGK MTH   aa: UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics,1989. DI -DJ'(*('4*1960-80e i帡w w e e i帡wA E ewe aa. <a2>A u i帡w Ae ai,bс Aa. 1960-80e i帡w wAwe aa wӷ󴂊 A‚ OPEC A wA e a. e a aaϡa be Aa Aa. aa b 1w GNPe 1965-73e e 5.2%, 1973-80e e 4.7% waqA , aaa q aaϡa be bb 1.7%,0.6% waeA ava. DK TL<a2> 1w GNP ewEwI: 1965-89e @TM? e:% CTNB CTOB 1965-73 1973-80 1980-89 CTPB ATQ    "OECDA 3.8 2.3 2.4 >TR  4i帡w 4.2 2.5 1.5 :TS ,aaa q aaϡa* 1.7 0.6 -1.2 ?TT>aa 5.2 4.7 6.3 ?TU>qaa 1.2 1.9 2.9 =TV<a aAa 4.7 2.3 -0.5 >TW 7A‚ 6.0 1.0 -2.5 ?TX  7AA 2.8 1.5 1.2 DTYC 0TZ/: aaa q aaϡa(Sub-Saharan Africa)e qaaϡa тi )T[( AAe aaa ab qA e aaϡa aaii aa. /T\  aa: World Bank, World Development Report,1991. D] *D^'*++(1#1979-80e Aс qA i帡w wAw bae ᔂ bva. 1980e aaϡaAe a ba xe b a qaС ba. 1980-89e aaa q aaϡa b 1w GNPe e 1.2% I qa. aСe aa,e,a,ѷ {e wӷ󴂊i qae aa b 1w GNP wIe i帡w A a 1973-80e 2.5%A 1980-89e 1.5% xae A, a 4.7% 6.3% ava. 9D_$''0(/. A eΗeA i帡w aae e 2a i帡wi ie A aС 2a iia ሁ waaС gva. <a3>A u A eΗeA i帡w aae e 1948e 14%A 1984e 13.9% ሁ e a. aСe a i e, wӷ󴂊 w A eΗeA aae e 1948e 4.9%A 1984e 8.4% aA wae ee, a i帡w A eΗeA aae e 1948e 9.1%A 1984e 5.5% aA aЖa. D` ,Ta+<a3> A e aaA i帡w aae : 1948-84e ,Tb+ e:% 0Tc/ $Td  i帡w wӷ󴂊* a )Te( A i帡w 0Tf/ 0Tg/ 1948 14.0 4.9 9.1 0Th/ 1966 12.2 5.9 6.3 0Ti/ 1973 14.0 7.1 6.9 0Tj/ 1979 14.6 8.5 6.1 0Tk/ 1984 13.9 8.4 5.5 0Tl/ 0Tm/: aA wӷ󴂊e A 5(aa,aAͥ,ai,aa,Aiaa) ,Tn+ a aAa 3(aaEѡa,aa,B),aa 4a w %To$ (aa,e,a,ѷ) w 12i aa. OTpNaa: David M.Gordon, The Global Economy:New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations? #Tq ,New Left Reviw, no.168, 1988. Dr Ts<a4> ‚i A : 1950-88e GTtF e:% KTuJ KTvJ 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 KTwJ HTx   : 嬥 60.8 65.9 70.9 65.6 62.5 65.6 69.9 FTy  : i帡w 31.1 21.9 18.4 24.5 28.6 23.8 20.4 DTzC aA‚ 6.3 6.8 6.3 13.8 16.4 8.9 4.6 CT{ 7 ae΁‚* 6.2 3.6 3.8 4.3 6.1 8.9 10.2 GT|F aA 18.6 11.5 8.3 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.6 KT}J ;T~:: ae΁‚(Major exporters of manufactures)e aa,e,a, #T" ѷ,Aiaa,B,aa w 7i aa. MT   aa: UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics,1989. D D(*)1.<a4>e 1950e 1960eA i帡w a AbA ᬡ aЖqi aa. e we 1973-80e 夁 Aaw qA eAe, 1980eA a Ea. 嬥 AA aae e 1950e 60.8%A 1988e 69.9% wae ee, i帡w AA aae e 1950e 31.1%A 1988e 20.4% aA qa. D#(&/i帡w Aᬁ ai,bс e AbAᬡ aava. 1980e i帡w Aa AA aae qae Aᬡ, wӷ󴂊 {e a E i帡w ae΁‚ e 1960e 3.6%A 1988e 10.2% waa. D&(*/.'1/.1945e e a Aс ⸥ A aС Ab Aae 嬥 w eA va. <a5>A u i帡w A 嬥a ae e 1980e 70.2%A 1987e 65.8% qa. A aa 嬥 A i帡wa e b 1980e 28.9%A 1987e 19% qa. ee 嬥 A 嬥a e e 1980e 66.8%A 1987e 77.4% waa. a 嬥 A 嬥a ae b 1980e 71.2%A 1987e 77.6% waa. e 1980e bi e q  e wA eʼn A qi ea. D T<a5> Ab w: 1970-87e ;T: e:% ?T> ;T: ?T> /T. 嬥 i帡w 嬥 i帡w ?T> 'T& 嬥嬥ww嬥嬥ww 7T6 U$ U$ U$ U$ 5$ 5$ 5$ 5$ 'T& 嬥w嬥w嬥w嬥w ?T> ?T>1970 76.4 19.2 71.6 19.9 77.9 18.5 72.2 19.0 ?T>1980 71.2 23.3 70.2 24.9 66.8 28.9 63.4 29.8 ?T>1987 77.6 18.0 65.8 26.4 77.4 19.0 62.2 26.3 ?T> MT  aa: UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics,1989. D (D%(,*,(*嬥 w ea b Ae qA a b 嬥 w eA A a. 嬥 a Aae e ee ሁ 嬥 w eA va. <a6>A u 1970-87e 嬥 a 70% w {e 嬥a Aa. AeЁ e aA aae, i帡wA e Aae 1981e 102 iA 1987e 95 iᜡ qa. aСe Aᬡ aa wӷ󴂊A e Aae 1981e 18 iA 1987e 25 iᜡ waa. D !T <a6> ai Aa : 1970-87e 9T8 e:eSDR ?T> 7T6 ewEq (%) ?T> ?T> 1970- 1975- 1980- 1970- 1975- 1980- ?T> 1974 1979 1983 1974 1979 1983 ?T> <T  3嬥 9719 15304 38705 78.9 73.8 75.2 :T 3i帡w 2578 5417 14147 20.9 26.1 26.8 9T8aaAaĽ 1404 2926 4324 11.4 14.1 8.2 =T< -495 -361 3931 -4.0 -1.7 7.4 <T;aa 696 1536 4150 5.7 7.4 7.9 ;T:aaϡa 775 847 948 6.3 4.1 1.8 ;T:AA 12321 20726 52852 100 100 100 ?T> (T'aa: JOEO, ;MRLFHP. A6NFVR( LFHPLD=, [ANJA], D  1989C4K. D $T#<a7> Aa b I: 1950-88e DTC e:% QTP JTI b I QTP QTP 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 1970-74 1975-81 1985-86 1987-88 QTP NTM 嬥 49 59 68 73 74 75 75 11.0 13.0 16.6 18.5 NTM w 48 37 27 21 25 23 24 22.7 23.6 19.9 14.3 QTP @T  aa: U.S.Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, b. D pD%(-('())$<a7>e Aa wСi aa. Aa 3/4e 嬥a aС a. ee Aa i帡wa ae e 1950e 48%A 1988e 24% eqAa. {e a嬁 e A AAᬁ a e w b A EI A Ew wС ʼnA, a i 嬥 i帡w e EI baa ¡E ai wa aС a. <a7>A u 1970-74ee С i帡wA e aI 嬥A e aI 2 a Aaa, 1988eAe i帡wA e a I 嬥A e a Ia xA Aa. D&&0aā 1945e w a E aqe 嬥 weA vaa, wӷ󴂊i a e i帡we {e a A A ewС, A4A(The Fourth World) e aᠡ i帡we A AAa. D D 2-2 a D D((.,eс A 20ⴁ aqi (e A 2/5a)e A aqi b 1/10 aA á ae ba iaa a. 1990e eс 1w GNPa 370 i aХ a 10w ea. AEa(UNICEF)e eсAa Eae 2000eA 13ew a w w a bÖa. D))*'<a8>A u A aw Ae 5%a A b 30%i aaaa, aw Ae 30% (e 嬥 aqi b i帡w aqi Ea)a A b 80% wi aaea. ee aw e 10%e A b e 1/16%ei aai a. D+*'(,a A⸥ i ie 1989e 1w GNPe 340 iveA, ae 2e910 iᜡ 62va. {e ae e A a. be 1A A a ҥ va. ee be w ɡá e Х 1947eA ae 1A e a 1/3 cA waaС gva. D%((('('''' e aa ii A ww 帷⸥ ea waa a a a. ā aaa ab qA ᶡe waa qa {e aaϡa aaie 1970e a сA a. A e w⸥ we ae b aa e Wb ae a. ae a aae, a aA e …e we A ea. ge eie e eaA qaС ge wA ᬡa aa iqi aa. aqi e e i aa, b wa aawe w΁ w e Bbwb w a. ā a w aba e w ba aa aae e ɡa. D T<a8> a A b: 1970e ?T> e: % CTB >T= aw e 10% 0.62 ;T: a aqa e 10% 0.88 ;T: a aqa e 10% 1.35 ;T: a aqa e 10% 1.81 ;T: a aqa e 10% 2.50 ;T: a aqa e 10% 4.01 ;T: a aqa e 10% 7.74 ;T: a aqa e 10% 13.41 ;T: a aqa Ae 10% 21.19 ;T: a aqa Ae 5% 16.46 >T= aw Ae 5% 30.05 CTB CTBaa: Albert Berry,F.Bouguignon and C.Morrisson, The Level of World GT* Inequality: How Much Can One Say?, Review of Income and Wealth, T September 1983. D D$(1'&(//%(&'&%' ge aaϡa aaA eс ae e e qe A ie a. aaa q aaϡaā 1w ee 1979-81ei 100a vi , 1987-89e 95 aЖa. e ww ʼn,ɷ w {e aa ᴡ gv a. e i帡w 󴗬ei AaС, a ei waae 嬥 󴡥 aa. A OECDA e 1974e 7294eA 1989e 6422ea qe ee, i帡w e 1974e 6542eA 1989e 1953ea swa. ae i帡w aea aaϡae e⸥ A A ¡bi waš aС, I e qb ii wa hea. aaa Ae ei ᶁ awA ɡa qb ea Ea. e eae Ai aaa ae, 帷⸥ ei q¡e ii ea. w eA a qb ae ɷi сѡa wa 󴅢Ai ᔂ bѡa. aā i帡w aAe (OCM)a aa (LCM)a a бe A AAᬁ a⸡a. D D2-3 A󴁊Aᬁ e ᶡ D ZD%'00//.2a 嬥Ae ᬡa,iȷс Aa Aa. <a9>A u 嬥 eA A󴗬e aae e 1960e 31%A 1987e 23.1% aA qe ee, ᬡae e 1960e 51.6%A 1987e 63.6% aA waa. a s E i帡wAe A󴗬e e 1960e 15.6%A 1987e 19.8% wae ee, 󴗬e e 1960e 31.6%A 1987e 15.6% eqAa. aСe 15.6%ae 󴗬e e 1987e 嬥 2.5% aae, a帡 e a i a. D"1*2'(...&i帡w Aᬡ wӷ󴂊a E ae΁‚A A󴗬e e 1960e 23.7%A 1987e 27.7% waaa, 1987e 嬥 A󴗬e 23.1%i |a. aa AE Aḁi(least developed countries)a Ae, aaa q aaϡa aaii a e 42Ae ii a帡 帷⸥ 1ae󴡷 s⸡a, e ሁ A ga. b AḁiAe 󴗬e 1987eA 39.6%vaa, A󴗬e e 1960e 5.4%A 1987e 8% iaeA ava. ee ᬡae e 1960e 29.6%A 1987e 44.4% swaa w ewi a. aA 2a i帡w e i帡w A E b q aea. D T<a9> e ei: 1960-87e 9T8 e:% ?T> =T< 8T7 ᬡa =T< A A =T< ;T:嬥 1960 6.3 36.4 31.0 5.6 51.6 >T= 1980 3.2 29.9 24.2 6.5 60.4 >T= 1987 2.5 28.0 23.1 5.9 63.6 >T= 9T8i帡w 1960 31.6 20.9 15.6 4.7 42.8 >T= 1980 14.7 32.8 18.0 6.7 45.9 >T= 1987 15.6 28.2 19.8 6.1 50.1 ?T> 6T5ae΁‚ 1960 19.5 26.2 23.7 6.2 48.1 >T= 1980 9.3 30.1 26.9 6.9 53.6 >T= 1987 9.1 31.9 27.7 5.6 53.5 >T= 9T1Aḁi* 1960 60.4 6.9 5.4 3.1 29.6 >T= 1980 41.1 11.3 8.4 4.7 42.9 >T= 1987 39.6 11.5 8.0 4.5 44.4 >T= ,T+: Aḁie aaa q aaϡa aa {e 42 ba. MT   aa: UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics,1989. D 1D$(((3'* e aa b a aa eѷ a iAe w eAe e wʼnʼna ea. ḡb i帡wA w⸥ we a aa b 3/4 A aaeᬡ 󴗬e e 1/3A á ae wѡa. AeС bwA(middle-income economies)a ae aaAe b 44%a e e 15%ei eea. e a 嬥Ae b e 6%e A aaС, e 󴁷 e e 3%A aa. D$&&'&(Aaa i帡w 󴡑be wӷ󴂊i AAae a wa. ea 󴁷 ee 󴁷 ea ҥ xa. aa 嬥Ae 󴗬ee a aa wEe A i a. e 嬥Ae i帡w a ia ҥ ge ei eeae ai ea. A 󴡑ae 󴡑aa eae e‚ 100 wi eea. D T<a10> wi w΁ : 1970-87e AT@ e:% HTG 7T6 嬥 嬥U$ i帡w i帡w ?T> i帡w U$嬥 HTG BTAa 󴥶a 1970 16.7 14.3 36.2 35.7 HTG 1980 14.9 14.9 14.9 12.6 HTG 1987 12.6 12.6 17.4 16.6 HTG DTCea ׉ 1970 9.5 9.5 45.0 48.6 HTG 1980 12.0 12.0 66.6 72.0 HTG 1987 7.7 7.7 31.9 31.9 HTG ETDe 1970 72.0 72.0 18.5 15.4 HTG 1980 70.9 70.9 17.7 14.6 HT G 1987 77.1 77.1 49.6 50.5 HT G LT   aa:UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics,1989. D  jD #-)*,.%(Ae {e 嬥 i帡w wA ai ewea. <a10>A u 1987e 嬥 ‚ 77%e eΡa, i帡wA e ‚ e΁ b 77%va. i帡we 1970e ‚ 81%a a,󴥶a,ea,׉ {e 1aeΡe, 1987eA a e 50% qС, 嬥A e ‚ 1ae΁ b 1970e 84%A 1987e 50% qa. e 嬥 i帡w e A󴁷 b 帷⸥ e A󴡷ae bi a帡 eᬡ, 1970e Ae i帡w A aa 嬥A ei aС qi a a. D,,*)*--'!<a11>A u OECD Ae 1969eAe e e 5.3%ei i帡wa Сe, 1989eA a e 12.9% aA wwa. aa wwe aa wӷ󴂊 OECD AA e e  swA ӳe a. b OECD A e aa ba e e 1969e 0.8%A 1989e 6.1% swa. ee aaa q aaϡa b w e 1969eA 1989eA 0.3%va. aaa q aaϡa ba aAe A4A aai Ae ¡wAᬁ e ai С i qi i a. D (T'<a11> i OECD A e΁ : 1969-89e >T= e: e i GTF GTF 1969 1989 DTC =T< q q GTF ET  ; OECD A 100844 91.5% 1262684 79.9% BT : i帡w 5792 5.3% 203500 12.9% >T= aaa q aaϡa 385 0.3% 5043 0.3% CTB aa 911 0.8% 96190 6.1% CTB qaa 815 0.7% 12497 0.8% AT@ aaAa 949 0.9% 43424 2.7% CT < AA 110193 1581058 GTF /T  aa: World Bank, World Development Report,1991. D  D!')*('*'+)aСe <a12>A u i帡w a ww E 1987eA Ae A s (78%)e 嬥 aaa, i帡we e 14%ei aa. 1987e i帡w  e ae a,󴥶a,ea,׉ {e 1aeΡa. aa Ae bˁe wΡa, a e ae i帡we, i ae e OPECAA ᴡe Aa qA a. e A {e ea ׉i AAae i帡w 1ae ‚e e ‚a a. b 1987e i帡w e΁‚e 2488 iᜥA, a 󴥶a ‚e 873 iva. aa e e eБ eAe wӷ󴂊a a a. D" "T#!<a12> wi ‚i A : 1970-87e ET$D e: 10 i NT%M BT&A AA 嬥 i帡w NT'M NT(M 1970 1987 1970 1987 1970 1987 NT)M :T*9 q q q q q q NT+M IT,Ha 󴥶a 63.9 333.9 37.258.1% 218.765.5%20.532.0% 87.326.1% KT-Jea ׉ 51.5 358.8 21.141.1% 133.637.2%25.449.4%160.044.6% LT.Ke 190.01714.1160.284.4%1338.178.1%10.5 5.5%248.814.5% MT/  HsЁ 305.42406.8218.671.6%1690.470.2%56.318.5%496.220.6% NT0M LT1   aa:UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics,1989. D2 D3$)('&wӷ󴂊i AAae, ae i帡w bˡ aaϡa aaie ሁ a 1aei ae 帷⸥ i aaȅa. bˡ Aḁiie ሁ aA ge aei ea. ‚ e w e aa 1aea a e aae aq {a. ea$a$űa(ġ),e(e),qa$A(),aa(ša),(aaa),a(),ia(q). \D4&),'*'+0 Ai AAae i帡w 1ae e 嬥 1ae ¡a a a. <a12>A u a,󴥶a e 嬥 1987e 2187 ivqA , i帡we 873 iva. 嬥 i帡w eAe b a e aa, b a ea. 1987e 嬥e A · 77%i aaa, a 󴥶a ·Aᬡ 66%i aea. 嬥 Ae A aae e 1960-80e e qСe, a 󴥶a A aae e <a12>A u, 1970e 58%A 1987e 65% a waa. D5&&3&&'i帡w 1ae΁ iA E A aae 嬥 󴡥a. ᬁ ie ai a e │a EC (Common Agricultural Policy) {e с⸥ AA ae wA e A⸥ i ha ֵa. aaa Ae ᬁAe ae a aA }a ae ee, aaϡa,aa,a aAaAe a eeae Aa. D6%*)Aaa i帡w ae 1ae΁ wEabe 1973e a sa wwe i AAae, 1965e a aЁ ee, e abe ww ֵa. <a13>A u i帡w abe 1980e a aA bA a. D7 T8<a13> ab刁 ewE eI: 1965-89e @T9? e:% ET:D DT;C 1965-73 1973-80 1980-89 DT<C BT=    $OECDA -1.1 -3.3 1.4 ?T>  5i帡w 0.1 2.1 -3.7 ;T?:aaa q aaϡa -6.7 5.4 -5.7 @T@?aa 3.3 0.3 -2.3 @TA?qaa 3.3 -3.1 1.3 >TB=a aAa 3.1 1.2 -3.9 ?TC 8A‚ - 13.5 -9.0 FTDE /TE  aa: World Bank, World Development Report,1991. DF DG2-4 Aᶡ DH DI#(,&()')')'ae i帡we Ae, AAe a i帡wi Aӡ a. 1982eA iie Aᶡe 嬥 a A a va. 1970eA wee 1973e 1a Aaw AE iᜡ aA we AAсaqi A aa e 嬥ae A b i帡wA A a. aa 1979-80e ea Aс se he i waeA ae ¡bi e i awaA a. a ie AᶡveA, e 1982e 8 Ba Awщw aA ae ia. Aᶡ A e Ae ሁ eAa. i帡we a w ai 1987e 1 ia e Aqi waae sbi hveA, e a ai ae i帡w e 50%A iae qa. DJ &TK%<a14> a i帡w qWa : 1980-88e GTLF e: 10 i OTMN OTNN 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 OTON JTPIaA JTQIe 帽-4.9 -0.5 -2.7 -3.1 -2.4 -0.6 -1.2 1.3 5.9 4.8 4.5 OTRN JTSIewA JTTIe 帽18.0 6.5 -22.0 -25.7 -33.0 -33.1 -22.9 -29.9 -37.4 -29.0 -25.4 OTUN JTVIA JTWIe 帽14.1 36.7 51.5 21.9 6.4 17.1 20.5 -4.6 -0.1 -2.9 -0.8 OTXN JTY CsЁ 27.2 42.7 26.8 -6.9 -29.0 -16.6 -3.6 -33.2 -31.6 -27.1 -21.7 OTZN KT[J15 A JT\IsЁ 8.7 20.4 9.4 -23.8 -40.6 -40.6 -22.1 -28.4 -31.0 -36.2 -29.7 OT]N LT^K A 567 661 745 812 845 925 1020 1148 1138 1143 1213 OT_N T` ,Ta+: 15 Ae aaEѡa,a,aa,A,űa,a a, +Tb* Aaa,B,,aAa,Á,ϡ,,AAIa, Tc  Aiaa. $Td aa: UN, World Economic Survey,1991. De Df''((+((**.!a i <a14>A u 1980eA i帡wie 嬥a ai he aa, ai qWai 嬥A 帡e we͡ A iva. b qa a aÁ 帡 bAa. ā 1989eAe a i帡w AA 360 ia A we¡ vaa, a 10A iae 3260 iA iae q weЁ weA e a AAa. 1986eA a aaAaā wтe 1982e ia Aaʼna ሁ 1 iaa a. aaa 1970eA ba AE ai 币 i a va. A 1w GNPe 1980e eA e 1.8% va. e qaa wӷ󴂊ie i ei a. UDg+1'((&&'IMFe wѩ (rescheduling) ava. wee a a (conditionality)a iaa e IMFa aae Bi i ae Awѩi Ё gea. ie waiAA ai 帡aš i e aa, IMFa e Bi aae a. e Awi e q ¥bi e i wa aeA, Aae bq,waa,w,Aea, qbq {e ia. e i i帡w i aae e ii a. Dh Ti<a15> i帡w Aʼnea: 1970-89e DTjC e:% JTkI >Tl= A/GNP a/GNP /GNP HTmG HTnG 1970 1976 1983 1970 1976 1983 1970 1976 1983 HToG -75 -82 -89 -75 -82 -89 -75 -82 -89 HTpG ETq   :ḡb 10.2 14.8 28.5 2.9 4.3 9.8 1.1 1.2 0.7 DTr  <b 18.6 34.6 54.9 5.1 11.0 15.4 1.9 1.9 -2.7 CTsBaaEѡa 20.1 46.1 80.3 14.1 17.9 41.6 -0.3 2.7 -5.4 ETtDaa 16.3 28.2 42.0 12.1 28.5 30.3 3.3 0.8 -2.5 HTuG /Tv  aa: World Bank, World Development Report,1991. Dw Dx&'0* Ai e i帡w AA e qW e, 1980ei Ɂ ŵE aa, Aa. i帡w Ae 1980e 5,672 iA 1990ei 12,133 iᜡ 2 w waaa, i帡w Aʼneae <a15>A u 1980e i bA a. Dy%('&))((&&#aСe {e Aᶡi AA e i帡w ѡe Ёe eEa. Aᶡe a e iw, b e iw Ai e sʗ e aeѡa. e Aᶡ Aᬡ i帡w aae a w ei Ɂ 嬥 eA ሂ aqi aС ae aA qw aea. 1989ei i帡wA e 嬥 weЁ e 4,886 iv ee, i帡w aaie 嬥 weA 4,461 iᜁ qei x a. aaaa AiA,ʁ e e e b a. i帡w aaie Aᶡi aa A qWA a sAe, we a⸡ esaa i帡w wAi AwAA a ŵaA waС aaС a. Dz D{ 2-5 a⸡󴁷 Á D| D}$&)(&&'''%'i帡we b Ai Ɂ e aa, a⸡󴁷 ai Ɂᬡ Aa AAA sEa. 嬥 a⸡e Ai e, ww a qe a,a qe e, wi xea. aie {e 嬥A ai aСe, aie iiA i帡wA e aei AaС a. Ae Aae aѡ-ā ,׉e,aaa, e e iυAɡe- ai eaС e AA e a Жa. {e aȁ e i帡w wA sae aa, 嬥 a ai ¢ e a. aaa aEe A aAae AAa. 󴂊aȁ ww i aaС e aaAe, ae w e ei e aae wсi –a. D~&'(''%&&)&aСe 1950e 嬥 Aae ae wсi aС ba. aw,b aei e ae a yy aaAe ⸥ a wсȡa. aСe 1960e Aae sa A󴗬eA e a aС ba. bˡ q 嬥Ae ae x gA E e e e ḱq b ΁e i帡wa Aa. aeaAbA aE ae e b ia. aСe AaA eE w΁ i帡w wA i̡e w ga. ā aa w a Ie 95%a. i帡w eѡA e éae 嬥 A e aa éae a Ae w a. D$(-')'i帡wA aae a⸡e ai ai aС ᶁ i帡w aAҁ eA e ʼni x a. aie ea eaˡ aa(country risk)a xe aaA aea. aie a e shi Ae e AҢi ᶁ Aa e a i ·ae wС a. 1973e A aA i 帢 AaA ʼna A帥Aa(ITT) qe i ia a aa a. D D      3. wӷ󴂊 e D D3-1 A A  ѡ D D(1) A iD$&&'&)('%i帡w a ebe A A qA bAa. A a{Aᬁ с ee Ae AA i A eae i wa ae A i ea. eA i帡w(ā ,a,qaaϡa,aaEѡa w)e A A iA eA qe qi a a wi e eA ba. 1945e Ae ge i帡w {e A i ¥a. ā a A,aˁ aAae aiȥ ᜡa ʼna wwAi waa a 󴡋ei aa a. eD%'&'&&&%'aa {e ⸥ aa AAe A A ae ai A i a. A e i qa, Aa Aс ai aȁi e a⸥ Ae, {e bʼn e e A e A ai ᔂ bѡvš, e i帡w w΁ ei ewva. A e ei qe a i wvš a. A e wA ae e󴁦 eA wbe 币weʼnai ae a eAe, w A e e 币weʼnai waС a. oD'''&)')&(A 1950e e 1960eA wi aa aAa e aˁ a ‘Υ eA e AwAᬁ aa sw eЂ帗 ѡA E AѡAi awa e awa. {e Aѡ aˁ e󴡋ei aeA ae , a a A ae a A a. aa Aѡ abaa, w e A e ii eA, e ii eA  ֵ aˁ ee AwAᬁ wi qwi a. {e aAa aa A, a aaaˁ wwA aA E a. D%''('&!A e a bw i帡w w aǡA AI cA eA, e A AAᬁ aA e Aa Aa, Aw e sA bAᴡ ea. aa A e w e aс Aс a a eA wae  с bA wEa i a. A e i帡wA a w ii e i cqa  Awi e 󸗬e ei a. D D(2)  D%&&&+'%'&(%1970e aa a aAaā wӷ󴂊 ee A ѡȁ i⸥ iȡi wae a. A eʼnA e wA Ae i帡wA e΁ i Ɂ Aсi qa iae a A⸥ i帢a ʼni va. aaa 1960e 1970eA ge i帡wA  A i Aa. ā a A,aAaa aiȥi a aa asawAi  ee, aa aae Awi Жa. ie ei w aa i ᶁ ea. ie aa wA e  i Ɂ, e΁ AbA i a. i aaA b˷⸥ ae Awa ae e aa, Awi ae ea wAa. D$'&'''(('&''A с i a i币 , e a  ѡ e aaA aa aA aaa. wӷ󴂊e A ahe aЁ wA e a ⸥ A ӳ i币 ֵa. aa e,B,ȡ, e A ѡ  ѡ e a⸥ wa. ee ѷ ae eA  ѡ aava i a. a  ѡ Жa , A aa ŵ帡 ᴡe e aa. A  A AE wA, A e AA ae  AA ea.  A wс,‘΢,e aaaa aaa. ā i e ee aa,e,ѷ,aAe ae bii aС aa, aa,,ȡ,BŁ we a ga. D D3-2 wӷ󴂊 eс A D D#'(&'()**wӷ󴂊 ee e i帡w A ebei ea. a wӷ󴂊 ae i帡w i i AAe ge Aa a. a aw ae e 嬥 wӷ󴂊iAA bˁi Aa, ai wi wae 񸡷a. wӷ󴂊ie ae aaia ʼne ai a hva. aie AqW eAᬡ e bˁi hva. a {e bie ae i wa a. ā aa e ewA e aai (aa,ѷ,e,a)i ae , a wbe e (1964e Aa aa AA)i ae e i a 嬥A aqe a. D#'&(&%'&&%'&&wӷ󴂊e i i帡wAᬁ a a i币 ea i a. wӷ󴂊e eeAe 2a币 i Bbe i帡w aa awȡ Aeᬡ, ae 嬥 a 1960e e ҁ i aȁaС ᶁ i ḱq i帡wa 帡e A eіa. 嬥 w A se ai abi wa qi wvi e aa, eA waa aa e ᶡi a. e aa e ᶡA 嬥 ae ae с i aw i qa sЁ abi ѡǡ, Aae 嬥 ai ѩρi eae i ḱq i帡wa 帡a qe i ee aq, ai a 嬥a 嬥 a b a wwi Aae wa a. a A wӷ󴂊 eі a. D%&&(b e ¡ e wӷ󴂊 e ae 1960eA i a⸡i e 嬥 a ee A󴁷 a ᴥ A aa. aā wӷ󴂊 i aAa a⸥ aa, 嬥 a aA ae, a wae eAᬁ aI a. D #D"3-3 wӷ󴂊 : a wAbЁ ew a D D#)%(&a wAbaie wӷ󴂊e aAw w 帷 wA w ᴥ i wae aa ea. 1970eA wӷ󴂊 e  e a b i帡 w eAa. i帡we a e ab iA wA qa I wi Ai a wAa. D%)&'(*'&'(' aa wӷ󴂊  a wAbЁ awi wae Ašaae we ga. a wӷ󴂊 e, e i w aA wA {ae a wAbС, i帡w wAi ae w saae i, a ewe a aa. ā aw  wӷ󴂊a Ae aaA ae 1,2,3,4a wAi 5eB e a wAbЁ w aA bi waСe w wi b іaa, Aa ѷ baA Aa. wӷ󴂊A ae a eei A wwaС aa, a ei A e AaС a. wӷ󴂊A ae wA ሁ e A aС a. wӷ󴂊A e e ae esi hea. D$'(&#AAA ge wbA e a wAbЁ we a AA (aa  ge  aa a鬡 wE )A ba bae a. a wAbe e A aAʼn a i aС aa, AwA eeA a ρ bii aeA ̖a. D D3-4 A wӷ󴂊 wA D D#&&"aa {e wӷ󴂊ie Ae eA eea aaa e 嬥 Aae ei x ae a a. aa aw 嬥⸥ wӷ󴂊a AA e a iȡϖae a. a Ae aq {a. AD%)(''''' e 币 beA e i wӷ󴂊e ei e e (ā b)ae aA ii A Ae, 币 б e ei e e e a帡 嬥A ea. a e ei e e asi e, a wA ee a帡 嬥A ia i cA a. aa wӷ󴂊 ee a帡 eA a aa. b wсa eAi , 嬥A e aAa a eE e aa. D#(2/&'%'%" 嬥 A b˷⸥ Aɩ aa wӷ󴂊 wA e e eA waa eaХ aСe, ae Ai Aɩ(bloody Taylorization) e a(peripheral Fordism)ae ᵢE wсȡ aaea. A ЁСe Aɩa Ai⸥ aje i 󴁷 w a bA ee ́ bA aС a. 嬥⸥ wӷ󴂊 aae󴡷a weA ae aa e Ae w,ee,eae 3e wE a wӷ󴂊Ae ee e e ЁС a, aE AΡ 嬥A éA a. D$&&*''A 嬥A с eA aa 嬥 ae eeAe сb ww sbi waС, ae eeAe wa q wwe wӷ󴂊a q xe ae i帡wi aa A bi ae ASEAN {e i wӷ󴂊i ǡ a. A eЂ {e i wӷ󴂊e |Ae 嬥 sba, Ae i wӷ󴂊 ba ⸥ sbi h a. D*,((%&9&'(%A 嬥e 1980e e ea aa a(Post-Fordism) i Ɂ a ⸁ ᶡ aae Ai eA, A a e A󴁊 aAa ea ebAe b iс wС AaA A a. A Ai wa ae A帢A aa wӷ󴂊A i A a ea Aeŕ 帅(flexible specialization) ew,⸡(Just-In-Time)ewa b˷e 嬥 aa a eAA (ā ,aa) a sA a. aa a b iѡ aaae 1990e Aa Ae a帡 A e a AAA iȡaС aС e a wӷ󴂊 aA aA bwaС a. *D)&(&)%)''(-*'E(B.Warren)a aaa(NOO) {e aaie a e wӷ󴂊 w a A eA aae ewi h aС, i A  eeѡa e̖a. aСe wӷ󴂊 a e Ae e i帡w 嬥 I ae wi a aa aa, i aa A AAAA A sA eai wae AϡaA aa. e 1980e Aᶡ qA wva. aa,aaEѡa {e a aAa wӷ󴂊e Ae ,iA,a с aba aa i a. aa,e,a,ѷ {e aa wӷ󴂊e A u a. aСe w a e ee aa. ā aa w 1986-88e 3ḡ 1989e ea A ea Ae wAᶡa Ae w,a,Aa, Awa b˷e qw wA a eaС e u a. D%)''&&%aСe wӷ󴂊 wi ge ai wae , ḁi iae e A e i a ge A, e Aa be awb ee eEa. wӷ󴂊e eсAA ie a i币 e aae e I a. yy i帡w e a wa ⸥ a⸁ ei ueae A, a a eae As wwe wa A ae i xe a刱A i˱a. D D3-5 aA A e a b D D$./&)'('(,a s⸡ a ee Aᬁ 币A б⸥ a aae e 20e eA a ᴥ aA A(sub-imperialism) a. aA aA Ae wi 帡 AA e Åa i b A aaa ae yy i帡wi ea. 1945e AA aw ee b Ae {e aA A ai a a. aaI,e,aa,a,a,ȡ w 񤁺A ea i a. A bA ,Aaq,qaaϡa,aa,aaEѡa {e aA A ai a. i e iw-e aa-e qA i aw e 帗 A1a 帗(1980-88e)i a. D$&&'&&&'(&&&&aA A eс wi e e, wӷ󴂊i w i帡w A ae A a{Aᬁ a⸁ e wa aI⸥ aas a. A AA a{A a⸁ wAe, a i bi qA A aХ e A,aa i币 wС i帡wAᬡ aai cA a. i帡wAᬡ a ie aaA a ii 币Aa, se w⸥ aA A w e b (ā aa ȡ, a̡ae, e aaǁ 帗 w)i aa, w e wAe be aA A b (ā aaϡa qAᬁ qaaϡa, qwͷ bAᬁ aaAa) iEa. aСe wӷ󴂊 aA Aa ea ae e aa. wӷ󴂊 a aAA ae , aA Aa a wӷ󴂊 i a. YD$'''&(&(a aA A ee a ӡ e ⸥ beAe aa ae ai E A ei ae e aa. A 󴗬e ab e a a帡 ,A,,eA A a. {e wAbAᬁ Ewe Åa ᶁʼn ewI cA a. i帡w biwa aA A wwe {e ᶁʼni ewae С, ͡i e a. A A aa biw Ae AAe w ae bii ea. b aA A ee e a iA e aa, w aAe awe a. D$&'&'('&(&&aСe aa aA Ai A AA ae eEa. wA iȢi e ʼnA eA a ge a e ֵ e i帡wa aie aA A Ai aa, ea aa, i A AA qa Áea. ie i帡we A 嬥A e wA A Aae A cA a wea. b i帡wie aA aС, wAA A e  e eae a. aСe A AwA q x a e A aaǁ Ai A AA eae e a׍aa. yy i帡wA se A wwe aIi ѡaС e eѩa. D#&'+*--''' aA Ai A AA eae e i帡wa e e, E {e aae aA A A ai aС gea. e E a ew wAe 1991e A2a a 帗A aa a a e eEae ́ w a a. aСe 1989e eс 1,830ewA 1w GNPa 3000iᜡ A ge aA A aa 24,880ewA 1w GNP 2e 910iᜥ A i iA i e i a. A w e 帗 A aA A e 帗 b i e a. A e ́ we a wAe wAᴡ aa, eA 帗 bi e a wA we eEa. D D   4. i帡wwA 币 D D4-1 eѥ D AD&2a A iaa 1960e ea Ρ eѥe aq {e wi x a. D%''''&'/&('(' i帡w wAiAe aae aa cA , e awaa. ' wAie 嬥 i帡w AA Aaa, i帡w Aᬡ e wAA Aaa, wAiA ae e we Ё e a. 嬥e a i Aqa i帡w wAii , e i帡w wAie 嬥 a wA wi Aea. i帡w Aᬡ wAi币 тȡ Ae wA AVe, a ae тe ea e aa(eRG pM\QRvA,trickle-down effect)i aa awÁsa iea. ' wAwe wAi帡 wAie aAi帡a. aa wAw a aAa ⸡I a. aaa wAwe wA⸥ ewea wi a. ā ie ɡb {e aAA , a,ʼn鬁 с {e wA a ea awaa. ZD$+.(''&'eѥe 嬥 wi 2a ҁ i帡wA a we a. eѥe a a a aɁ(W.W.Rostow)a 崖u, 2a i ea ae i b e A a eE a. aā eѥe a 嬥 baiA , 嬥 wi awa aa, 嬥 aA aa wAa. e eѥ 2a ҁ i帡w AiA iСa a. e eѥ wA aa wAiBi aa i帡w wAi币 a w⸡ae A ewAa. D D4-2 D D(1) ww D%''&)&e 1960ei 币aa a aAaA e eA wʗ e ʼne aA wAa. bˡ abw we e a. a e eѥ  aaaaA e e eA wAa. b e eѥ a aAae̥ ECLA(AE aaAa wAᶥA) A a aAa ew 2e bwA e ʗA eіa. D D(2) awA A D D 1) ḁi i wA D%6+ 嬥 ie i帡w i帡 aa, ḁi i(development of underdevelopment) b ḁi i i ae aϗa(A.G.Frank) wAe 鐡 ia wAa. a we aq {a. D%'(& ' Aa ie ii i帡w e bi A - ʼn e A eͳva. ḁie eѥ wae , 嬥 A wi aaȁe aa, 嬥 iA eiᴥ ewa, ee Aa AA i币 e ea. D$&'&&&' ḁiewe aAҥ e a aAa ew eaAҥA wA , 帷⸥ ,⸥ e i aa, 16A Aa â iia ʼnA e a ewa. b ḁiAe Aa A e a A a, e a a, e e ae aA, e e Aa ae eaAe aa. D$&())( ' eeae wAii }e, ae eeae ḁii }e Aa e aq {a. ee AA g wAai iwaa, e iA a aAaā ḁi i帡 Aa. (wAa i Aw ) wAa iA e bae сEa. (-e bс ) A ḁi ie a wсeA aС g eEa. (e e ) D#'''(&'(&&$aϗae i帡we eѥ wae E b aΡ aaae A aa aae, e a i帡 eE wA e aa aa a. a i帡w ḁie a 嬥b 币 e⸥ e 币E e b˷i abEa. b ḁie i e i币 ᴁ beae a. aϗae Aa wA ba ᐁa EwaС A, 嬥 i i帡w eaae be, aɁ {e eѥa we i, i cA a a. aā 嬥 i i帡w ḁie Aa AA i币 a, 嬥 wAie i帡waȁ wAa A e a e ḁi i wA бa. D&%&'(&'((''&%&&((aa aϗaǁ ḁi i wAe aq {e A񸡷 a. i帡wA 嬥a ai i帡w ḁi a eae e ia. ᵡae ae Aʼn AA e, ḁie eʼn A a. b ḁi e e bA xa, e A xi e a. ḁi i wAe 嬥A e i帡w iȁ beei wa wae ee, i帡w bʼn e wae wС a. A aϗaǁ e aiȥ a aAa ew eaAҥ/eAe 2ebw (ae eAe bwi e aqA, aAҁ bwi aae wa, e aAҁ bwi e eEae w)A waa aAҁ bw awi eስeae we AE qA aС, i帡wA wE aai Aa iȁ ae A waa, a aai aa aaae i帡w a()aa A awI С a. i帡we Aa i A e e, ḁi abA A a ae A ee 1970e wӷ󴂊i a e i帡wAᬁ se wAi币 eѩ wAa. D D 2) i wA }D&&&,2&&('1960ei aa w i帡wAe aϗaa w Awe e se wAw ᴡ ba. { A ee i帡w w ewi waС ᶁ aa(F.H.Cardoso) we aϗaǁ ḁi ѥi eaС i(dependent development) wAi Aa. ae aϗaǁ ḁi i wAi a⸡A e i帡w b с eѩi e Aa e̖a. a a iaE w aAᬡ eAA …e eb b i帡 i eA, i帡ae a. b ie wсa⸥ aa, awaae a. D$&%'&'%'(&  i wAAe 2a A󴁷 eA a⸡󴡷 i帡w A aС baa, A aa i帡wAᬡ w AA e b a⸡ A, a ba A qaaa se a va a. aa e ewe a Aa aA E a, a AaA A , a⸡ i帡w A aAa ŵiA geae A a a aa, wa abEa. e i帡w eʼn (ba--Aa ea 3aesХ)i a ae, A󴁊 eA ewqa Aae i ew a. D$&&('aa i wAe a a aϗaA ѥ EA a i帥i 鸗aa, i帡wAe aAᬡ wAw ᴥae ai ᬉa aae w aa. i帡wA ba,,Aa a ba w eA w aIi x eseae 3aesХ b aaaa a eAe wI e qa. D D3) AwA aQ wA yD*'(-('&'(''&&.&Aa(I.Wallerstein)e i AwA aQ wA ŵa. Aae ae a ba aa A aQa bA wea. ae a AwAAe e A(mini-system)e A⸥ wA cA i , e a,a,baAa we a A bb e ai Ɂ ᴡ sA isA ae i ea. b a AwA ba bˁe e a,aa ae aa ⸅ sСae A e a, AwA aQaᬁ AA a a. a AwA qA i e Ae A, aa aw ae ⬁ ee a,aA e aA ae aQɡ aa, AwA aQaᬁ A A A a aAa, ae aᬁ Aaae a. a Aae {e A aQaᬁ a AwAe ee(semi-periphery) eae ᶁ⸥ 3 wA aa, AA eE ae eU$eeU$ wa Ea a. D$((('Aaˁ AwA aQ wAe eeae ⸥ ewi qa, aϗaǁ ḁi i wA {e -e wE ȥA a iȡe e aa. a a AwA Ai waС, e, , A {e eѥ aAҁ Aa a AwA aQɁ abe e ii waAᴡ i a. uD$&(&+&'&%aa AwA aQ wA b a帡 i帡w eʼn b,b A wa AwA aQɁ e i帡w 嬥 e aʼni e a Ai eae A aϗa aea A񸡷 a. Aae a ХA aᶡ(P.Sweezy)a – wi a餡a, q帗 q A e iυAɡe Awi a eС A, aa Aea. aСe e ee wΗe aa b w,b qi ρ⸥ a ae eE wΗee a ea e aaaa wAbЁ wAe wsI e Aa. D !D 4) A waa wA A A a wA D((('&&&'&'QaI(A.Emmanuel)e i帡w ab bс ewi aaaa [a] A3 A2eA 币A e aÁ eaba wѡi wwe A waa wA wa. wAA aae AwAe EI A Ew q A baA ee aÁ A eaba wi Ɂ, ḱq i帡w a ge aС 嬥 a e aС aAeA, e i帡wa 嬥a aÁ a Ea. wAAe e A aáA 嬥 e aAe ee, i帡w e ḡQa 嬥 i帡w e qbae ᔂ сA, aá帡 aAe bѡ AΡEa wEa. D'&'&%%''('%&a(S.Amin)e A waa wA ew wA A a wAi Aa. aA aae Aa AAAe i帡wA 嬥a aÁ 帡 aeA, e aá帡 A A a⸁ Ea. a ae i帡wA 嬥a aáe e a e Aᬁ aá帡 aa, i帡w a eA 嬥 a aá帡ae A a a I a a. a ae a e a(MG)ᬁ e a {e a, A AAᬁ a ii Ɂ a帡 A a wa. b a eA Ae a⸁ Aaġq сe a ⸁ Aaġq waС aa, Aa AAA 嬥 i帡w ʼn b˷a Aae a. oD$''&%&(%&aa {e A waa wAe i aaaa wAbЁ qi waa aaa e e, aaaa wAbAA ea i e q A baae ai e eaa eb A bai –ae A, aaÁ eAᬁ sʗa eE aaÁ Aᬁ iwi A eae A, aϗa,Aa aea AɁ ia a. A A waa wA b i帡w ae sʗa AA e i帡w eAwʗ (A e ʗ)i b˥ae A I С a. D D 5) A wA D*''(&'&(('''aAI(F.Frbel) we 1960e ҁ AwA ei b˷ ᶁ A wAi wa. aAI w Aa a e, 嬥A A󴁷 i帡wa =a wwe A A, AwAaw qa Aw e e i帡wA wwe A AaA 币I A Aae aa. ai bˡ e A󴁷 e ge ⸥ a iA eeA, A a ba, a i aw AaA isi e a e Ae ea, i帡w ae e qwa, b ʳi Aȁ A aС, b w A ሁ weʼni x ge Awwa, AaA sAe ea. a {e b i aw wa Aee yy i帡w aAbae a. ZD%'%(&&'' {e Ae aq a A  A a aaa. A󴡷 a ie 嬥 1ae΁ sae AwAA sA i帡wa ae i x A , Ae eeA sE e ae eeA a΅E i awae 󴗬ea iСae ʼn b˷a. A wa, b AbA A Ae i, AA b˷⸥ e 󴁐 A, b ww 󴁷 A eaa i isС Aa 币Eae a. D$''%&&'(&&)*aСe aAI w w  A󴡷 AA ŵ帡 E e aa. A wAa wae a⸡A e e󴁸e A w e beA a gea. 嬥A i帡wa a AqWw aeЁ A aAᴡ ea. a A wAe e󴁸Á i ḱqae aba. aaa 嬥 w eA ᴡe e󴁸e ḱqi a e aa, с wbi ᬡ e ea wA ae a A a. e aa A wAe i帡w ¢ Aa Ai e 嬥 a a ie qa, i帡w eʼn i wa. 1980e e 嬥 AAa ea aA aa a qA aa bAe(offshore) bea a ae, AAAe aw A a. D D6) e s wA b wA  D'1+&,-%'&&'% sСe qe awa ba iAa(L.Althusser) iaa(E.Balibar)a e aAwсA wA A s(instances) e wAʼni jӡ ᶁ qa awe qa. i a e a e e isʼn A we e A(P.P.Rey) Aa(C.Meillassoux)a, e swAi A aa ea aAҁAi w e aa. ae i帡wA e s(LMNERQhH), a a e si ea aAҁA b˷a a. e s wAe i帡w ḁi i, aϗaa QaIe i, 嬥 iȡ aa, i帡w aAҁAA e a ei AA g A a e sA ae aA ea. "D((/&&'&42(&&#a(R.M.Marini) Aae e swAi waa e ae b aA iAe q s b b(superexploitation)i b˷a ea wea. ie a e a e sA e i帡w aae aAA a b aA á ae qei saС b e AA bqС i i a wea. ᵡae a A wA e ae aaϡaā (rotating migration labor) wA u, ae(domestic mode of production) {e a eA eAe e b ei i a. a aa e a eae ae b Aᬡ, a 嬥 {e aAҢA , i帡w aA b ei awaС eae a. D$'&&&&&'&(# ie b aAe a sA w AAeA, A aС w éa A baСe gea a. ᵡae i帡wAe w΁ éa w aa, ¡wA ᴡ a. e bae w с b a A aС e 嬥e i, i帡wAe a a eaÁ eA ʼnaaС g A, b aAᬡ a ee awaae a. a i i帡wAe a a aa, ai e bС Eae a. e si wa e b, b¡ e w A, a e a⸁ eЁ, a aA i帡w a⸁ ae a. ?D#&&''&&(e swAe aϗaA we⸥ i帡w i e eʼn sЁ a i帡a, i帡w aAҁA eʼn sʼn w ai ѡa. aa i帡w aA Ai e swA wi e i a. aw a a e g qa e aaa q aaϡa aai {e Aḁi aA҅⬁ wAe e swAa ae ai a Ve, a e 帩A ae wӷ󴂊 wAe, a wwb b AeI cA i a. D$''%('(&'&'e swAA be a b wAe Aʼni e ii we aϗaa a i eʼn a ŵe a i a. aСe b a aС qae Aᬁ be 嬥 a ba eѩAᬡ aС A, i帡wAe Ae b·ae , ᔁa ai a aAA b a wс, b 鸁 aa e w aa e {e i xe a ae e wa wsI a. i帡wAᬡ wӷ󴂊A u a iA aa e wA e w aa e a A aa, w Aea a iaС eA, {e ⸥ eѩi b wA {e ȥae wi i a. D D4-3 e i帡wwA D D$%,!2a aiȥ ťAe eaAҥa ie e i帡wwAe 币Ae aaaa e a i币  i a 1970eae a, 1980e e a e aaa 币Aa. D$%&&&&1970eA wwe ae eaAҥ wѢ ,ewA i eae i帡w a i币 i wea. aeᬡ ae i帡w a w iAe i Ai a ae 鸁 wA, i帡wA ae AaA a a aba iae AAe e⸥ eЁa a e a i币 eЁ wAi wea. ?D'&&%&(&&'&'%'&aa {e a bae 1970e e wӷ󴂊 wAe i帡w eѩi A wi a. i wa aa a e aa wEa. a e aaaie a i wA a i币 eЁ wAi w⸥ a eaС, a w wAi wea. A ᬡ w ѥi eae, wЁ aw eѩi wea. ie ae ee a i帡w A ae b˷ii ɉi e a ae, i帡wAe 嬥 wсʼna we i, w w a ea  wс wсȡ A aa, wA aae A wi ae A w ʼna aС a wEa. i帡w i币 iee a i , e 嬥 aea aa ieA ie a Aea. D#%&&&%%'%&&&#eeA aa, e aae a ii Aae, wӷ󴂊i a e i帡wA aa ie Ai wea. Ae a aAa aa yy i帡wie a e ie aa eA iСe, aa aa a e aaA wau, A 嬥 {e aa=A iaС e aa, e A a a. i帡wAᬁ aa w e AA e i a e awaС A, aa aȡ e aȁ iȡϡ awaae a. ie aa e aa bi ea w= wA aaС, A eaa eAebwi wea. D#%'%'&&''(AAaaˡae we e i帡wwAA e ei aaֵeA, e i帡wwA Ai˥ aAa ea AEa. a eae ʼnq bA, i帡w ҥ e A ba aa, i帡w ⸥ wA aA ҥa wEa. Aa i帡wi wa baС ae I e aa, a⸡i aa A eb i帡wa aEa wEa. i帡w wAi币 A { Aa wA eae a i币 ,e aa i aa, AwA eA AaA sAe wwAa aqe wa AEa. D#'''''Ae ew Ai 币ҁe wAb aAa ŵ帡 ͡Ae, a wAbЁ v i帡wwA b ae e bA, w a aAe ᬁ a i帥 a ai AaС a. Ae ᜡa wAʼnaie ai ae a e aa aЁ ֵ aa  i ai wAbс I eaС e a. D D 4-4 wa w D D (1) e wa D eD%(*))()%)&&&''(A2a币 1960ea i帡wwAi ae eѥa i a. Ae aɁ e iaʼn ECLA wс A 帢 iA ae i a. {e eѥA 1960e e ҁ AE e a⸥ a. aСe b 1970e e ae eA va. Ai wa ⸥ ae, b e a eae bae 1945e 嬥 i帡w Aᬁ wae ew wӷ󴂊 ei A wi a. 1980e Ae ,Aሡa {e  qA a aI⸡ae aw i ie, iȂA,aA,ewAѷ i帡wwAA ewAa. i帡wA a ́ aa wAe ee, 󴁷 a wwAi e wA aa wӷ󴂊  h a. aСe | ⸖u wӷ󴂊 i a w w a eae e ia. D$((&'+*'(&&*('(#eѥ aAҁ A i帡wwAA A wae eA, eѥA we eѥ aAҁ bÁ e iA ʼne awe ew 󴁶i Ia. aСe 1960e e Ae A waa w abae aa I b׉i hva. A aϗae i waaa, a AwA e(delinking)i wi a I a. aA 1970e e e abi a ͡a. a b ab i la ֵ qġaa eС w, eсa aС a. w ae ae aaaρ AAaaˡa eѥ aAҁ A A xe i帡wwA wa Ae u a. aa eѥ aAҁ AAᬡ w  a  A A a e e ia. ᵡae ea eѥ aAҁ Ae 币 w a eʼna 񴥹ae ʼna aa AA, e A, aС e a, Aᴡ i wae e aС g a. FD#''''''& eA 币E i帡wwAie a A aС aa 񸡷 a. ae aq a aiȥ⸥ aAҁA e eqe qa. aiȥ aaaA aa eA 币E e A i帡wwAe b⸥ aa e ʼna aaa Åa Aa wA A a ֵ e A A a, e a i帡wA A a aa iA ʼni xe a()aa A w ֵa. aa ae bw aaaa a e a. 2D$&&&''( b aiȥA e aa awe eA aС, Aa e ei Ɂ awAi ae i a eae A, aiȥ⸥ aAҁ wwA iȡaС a. e qa eb i eʼn aae a ai  ֵa. aСe a Aс A aa AwA wс Ae, e A e aa aa ae e awaA A a. b a,  AAe e a Aa a. D D(2) e I e wwA awA D D$(&'&i帡w 嬥 e ʼn e ba A i帡w ⸥ wi e ebс ee a ieA gea. i帡w wAie 嬥 wAi帡 ሖ I a w e wwA IA aa ᴩ , aᬡ eEa. IAe aq {e a be A񸡷 a. D#'&( i帡w A a e ii a awaae 񸡷a. waie e {e 1w aa A asAe i ba i a ea. b Aa a i eae, a be e waA w qA A i a. D%'''(('((%  A󜢯 e wwA, b a I e ai ¢a e wa e sС⸥ Aa AI a. wwAe e ai ¢a e AAe ge A iqС a. wwAe eA e e bi iǡ, ⸡ e⸥ wi bѡa, ei Aǡ aAA ea. a e wwA we wwAa eaС, w⸡a, e⸥ i币i С i ai Aea. e ia e ai ¢ e a aI⸥ w, a eee , a a e wi ae, eA, wa eIi a a BaС iae aAҁ BwAa I a. 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